Identity & Authority: NHS – Signal Evidence & AI Readability

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    "description": "Get NHS advice about COVID-19, including its symptoms and what to do, how to avoid catching and spreading it, treatments, vaccinations and long-term effects.",
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            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "COVID-19 is an illness caused by a virus called coronavirus.",
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                    "headline": "COVID-19 symptoms and what to do",
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                    "text": "Transmission"
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                    "text": "<p>COVID-19 symptoms are like those of colds and flu. They include a high temperature, a cough and a loss or change to your smell or taste.</p> "
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                    "text": "<p></p> "
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                    "text": "<p>To help avoid passing on COVID-19 try staying away from other people or meeting outside until you feel better.</p> "
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                    "text": "<p>COVID-19 symptoms can include:</p><ul><li>a high temperature – you may feel hot, cold or shivery, or your skin is hot to touch on your chest or back (you do not need to measure your temperature)</li><li>a new, continuous cough – this means coughing a lot for more than an hour, or 3 or more coughing episodes in 24 hours</li><li>a loss or change to your sense of smell or taste</li><li>shortness of breath</li><li>feeling tired or exhausted</li><li>an aching body</li><li>a headache</li><li>a sore throat</li><li>a blocked or runny nose</li><li>loss of appetite</li><li>diarrhoea</li><li>feeling sick or being sick</li></ul><p>The symptoms are very similar to symptoms of other illnesses, such as colds and flu.</p><p>Most people feel better within a few weeks, but it can take longer to recover.</p><p>For some people, it can be a more serious illness and their symptoms can last longer.</p>"
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            "headline": "Symptoms of COVID-19",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/covid-19/covid-19-symptoms-and-what-to-do/#symptoms"
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                    "headline": "Ask for an urgent GP appointment or get help from NHS 111 if:",
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                    "text": "<ul>\n<li>\n  you're worried about your or a child's COVID-19 symptoms or are not sure what to do\n </li>\n<li>\n  the symptoms are getting worse or are not getting better\n </li>\n<li>\n  you or a child have other signs of illness, such as a rash, loss of appetite, or feeling weak\n </li>\n<li>\n  you or a child have a high temperature that last 5 days or more or does not come down with paracetamol\n </li>\n<li>\n  a child under 3 months old and has a temperature of 38C or higher, or you think they have a high temperature\n </li>\n<li>\n  a child 3 to 6 months old and has a temperature of 39C or higher, or you think they have a high temperature\n </li>\n</ul>\n<p>\n It's particularly important to get help if you're at increased risk of getting ill from COVID-19, such as if you're pregnant, aged 60 or over, or have a weakened immune system.\n</p>\n<p>\n You can call 111 or\n <a href=\"https://111.nhs.uk/triage/check-your-symptoms\">\n  get help from 111 online\n </a>\n .\n</p>\n"
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                    "headline": "Call 999 or go to A&E if you or a child:",
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                    "text": "<ul>\n<li>\n  seems very unwell, is getting worse or you think there's something seriously wrong – children and babies in particular can get unwell very quickly\n </li>\n<li>\n  get sudden chest pain\n </li>\n<li>\n  are so breathless you're unable to say short sentences when resting or your breathing has suddenly got worse – in babies their stomach may suck in under their ribs\n </li>\n<li>\n  start coughing up blood\n </li>\n<li>\n  collapse, faint, or have a seizure or fit for the first time\n </li>\n<li>\n  a rash that does not fade when you roll a glass over it, the same as\n  <a href=\"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/meningitis/\">\n   meningitis\n  </a>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"
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            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/covid-19/covid-19-symptoms-and-what-to-do/#emergency-medical-help"
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                    "text": "<p>It’s important to wash your hands with soap and water or use hand sanitiser regularly throughout the day. Try to avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean.</p><h3>If you're at increased risk from COVID-19</h3><p>If you or your child are at increased risk of getting ill from COVID-19, try to avoid contact with people who have <a href=\"/conditions/covid-19/covid-19-symptoms-and-what-to-do/\">symptoms of COVID-19</a> until they feel better.</p><p>You may also want to:</p><ul><li>open windows and doors if you meet people inside, or meet them outside instead</li><li>stay at least 2 metres away from people (particularly indoors or in crowded places)</li><li>work from home if you can, or talk to your employer about how they can help reduce your risk at work</li><li>wear a face covering when it's hard to stay away from other people</li><li>think about asking people to wear a face covering or take a rapid lateral flow test if you're meeting them inside</li></ul>"
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            "headline": "How to reduce your risk of COVID-19 infection",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/covid-19/how-to-avoid-catching-and-spreading-covid-19/#prevention"
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                    "text": "<p>If you have <a href=\"/conditions/covid-19/covid-19-symptoms-and-what-to-do/\">symptoms of COVID-19</a> or have tested positive, there are things you can do to help you avoid passing it on to other people, including those you live with:</p><ul><li>cover your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze and encourage children to do this</li><li>regularly clean surfaces you touch often (such as door handles and remote controls) and in shared spaces, such as kitchens or bathrooms</li><li>try to stay away from other people, including those you live with, until you feel better</li><li>let people who need to come into your home know that you’ve tested positive or have symptoms</li><li>think about asking friends, family or neighbours to get food and other essentials for you</li><li>avoid indoor or crowded places (including public transport or large social gatherings) or places where there is not much fresh air if you need to leave your home</li><li>wear a face covering when it's hard to stay away from other people</li><li>let healthcare professionals know about your positive test result or symptoms if you’re asked to attend an appointment in person</li></ul>"
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            "headline": "How to avoid spreading COVID-19",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/covid-19/how-to-avoid-catching-and-spreading-covid-19/#transmission"
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                    "text": "<p>The treatments available for people at the highest risk of becoming seriously ill from COVID-19 are:</p><ul><li>nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir (Paxlovid)</li><li>molnupiravir (Lagevrio)</li></ul><p>Nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir, and molnupiravir are antiviral medicines. They come as capsules or tablets that you swallow. </p><p>When being assessed for treatment, a doctor will advise which treatment is most suitable for you.</p><p>These treatments can help some people manage their COVID-19 symptoms and reduce the risk of becoming seriously ill.</p>"
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                    "headline": "Information",
                    "text": "<p>If you need to go into hospital for COVID-19, you may get other treatments.</p>"
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            "headline": "Who can have COVID-19 treatment",
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        "name": "Healthy living"
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        "name": "Mental health"
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    "dateModified": "2025-11-11T11:41:50+00:00",
    "description": "Find information and support for your mental health.",
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            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "The main symptoms of psychosis are hallucinations, delusions and confused thinking and speaking.",
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                    "text": "<p>The 3 main symptoms of psychosis are:</p><ul><li><a href=\"/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/feelings-and-symptoms/hallucinations-hearing-voices/\">hallucinations</a> – where a person hears, sees and, in some cases, feels, smells or tastes things that do not exist outside their mind but can feel very real to the person affected by them; a common hallucination is hearing voices</li><li>delusions – where a person has strong beliefs that are not shared by others; a common delusion is someone believing there's a conspiracy to harm them</li><li>disordered thinking and speaking - a person's thoughts and ideas come very quickly, which can make their speech fast and confusing</li></ul><p>The combination of hallucinations and delusional thinking can cause severe distress and a change in behaviour.</p><p>Experiencing the symptoms of psychosis is often referred to as having a psychotic episode.</p>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "Symptoms of psychosis",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/overview/#symptoms"
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        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "Common causes of psychosis include mental health conditions like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.",
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                    "text": "<p>It's sometimes possible to identify the cause of psychosis as a specific mental health condition, such as:</p><ul><li><a href=\"/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/overview/\">schizophrenia</a> – a condition that causes a range of psychological symptoms, including hallucinations and delusions</li><li><a href=\"/mental-health/conditions/bipolar-disorder/\">bipolar disorder</a> – a mental health condition that affects mood; a person with bipolar disorder can have episodes of low mood <a href=\"/mental-health/conditions/depression-in-adults/overview/\">(depression)</a> and highs or elated mood (mania)</li><li>severe depression – some people with depression also have symptoms of psychosis when they're very depressed</li></ul><p>Psychosis can also be triggered by:</p><ul><li>a traumatic experience</li><li>stress</li><li><a href=\"/live-well/addiction-support/drug-addiction-getting-help/\">drug misuse</a></li><li><a href=\"/conditions/alcohol-use-disorder/\">alcohol-use disorder</a></li><li>side effects of prescribed medicine</li><li>a physical condition, such as a <a href=\"/conditions/malignant-brain-tumour/\">brain tumour</a> or dementia</li><li>head injury</li><li>childbirth</li></ul><p>How often a psychotic episode occurs and how long it lasts can depend on the underlying cause.</p>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "Causes of psychosis",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/overview/#causes"
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        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "Common treatments for psychosis include antipsychotic medicines, talking therapies and social support.",
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                    "text": "<p>Treatment for psychosis can depend on the cause, but usually involves a combination of</p><ul><li>antipsychotic medicine – which can help relieve the symptoms of psychosis</li><li>talking therapies – the 1-to-1 talking therapy <a href=\"/tests-and-treatments/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/\">cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)</a> and family interventions (a form of therapy that may involve partners, family members and close friends) can be helpful</li><li>social support – support with social needs, such as education, employment or accommodation</li></ul><p>Some people are recommended to take antipsychotics on a long-term basis (and possibly for the rest of their lives). Other people may be able to gradually reduce their dosage and then stop taking them altogether if there is a marked improvement in symptoms.</p><p>Do not stop suddenly taking any prescribed medicines as this could trigger a relapse of your symptoms.</p><p>If a person's psychotic episodes are severe, they may need to be admitted to a psychiatric hospital for treatment.</p>"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "Mental health - annual health check for severe mental illness",
                    "text": "<h3>Annual health checks</h3><p>If you have a severe mental illness, you can have a physical check-up at your GP surgery once a year. These can make a big difference to your health and wellbeing.</p><p><a id=\"26676\" linktype=\"page\">Find out more about annual health checks for people with severe mental health conditions</a></p>"
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            "headline": "Treating psychosis",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/overview/#medical-treatments"
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        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "Symptoms of anorexia nervosa include believing you're fat when you're a healthy weight or underweight, eating very little or missing meals.",
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                    "text": "<p>Signs and symptoms of anorexia include:</p><ul><li>if you're under 18, your weight and height being lower than the minimum expected for your age</li><li>if you're an adult, having an unusually low <a href=\"/live-well/healthy-weight/bmi-calculator/\">body mass index (BMI)</a></li><li>missing meals or eating very little</li><li>thinking about food a lot and being very careful about what you eat, such as avoiding eating any foods you see as fattening</li><li>believing you're fat when you're a healthy weight or underweight</li><li>your periods stopping (in women who have not reached menopause) or not starting (in younger women and girls)</li><li>physical problems, such as feeling <a href=\"/symptoms/dizziness/\">lightheaded or dizzy</a>, <a href=\"/symptoms/hair-loss/\">hair loss</a> or dry skin</li></ul><p>Some people with anorexia may also make themselves sick or do an extreme amount of exercise.<br/><br/>Some use medicines to reduce their hunger (appetite suppressants), help them poo (laxatives) or make them pee (diuretics) to try to stop themselves gaining weight from any food they do eat.</p>"
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            ],
            "headline": "Signs and symptoms of anorexia",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/anorexia/overview/#symptoms"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "Anorexia nervosa is usually treated with talking therapies, such as cognitive behavioural therapy, and specialist support with weight and nutrition.",
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                    "text": "<p>You can recover from anorexia, but it may take time and recovery will be different for everyone.</p><p>Your treatment plan will be tailored to you and should consider any other support you might need, such as for depression or anxiety.</p><p>If you're over 18, you should be offered a type of talking therapy to help you manage your feelings about food and eating so that you are able to eat enough to be healthy.</p><p>Talking therapies that are commonly used to treat anorexia in adults include:</p><ul><li><a href=\"/tests-and-treatments/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/\">cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)</a></li><li>Maudsley anorexia nervosa treatment for adults (MANTRA)</li><li>specialist supportive clinical management (SSCM)</li></ul><p>If you're under 18, you should be offered family therapy. You may also be offered another type of talking therapy, such as CBT or adolescent-focused psychotherapy.</p><p>Find out how to get <a href=\"/mental-health/children-and-young-adults/mental-health-support/\">mental health support for children and young people.</a></p>"
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            ],
            "headline": "Treatment for anorexia",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/anorexia/overview/#medical-treatments"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "Symptoms of schizophrenia can include hearing voices or seeing things that are not real, unusual beliefs and confused thinking.",
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                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "",
                    "text": "<p>Symptoms of schizophrenia can include:</p><ul><li><a href=\"/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/feelings-and-symptoms/hallucinations-hearing-voices/\">hallucinations</a> – hearing or seeing things that do not exist outside of the mind</li><li>delusions – unusual beliefs not based on reality</li><li>muddled thoughts and speech based on hallucinations or delusions</li><li>losing interest in everyday activities</li><li>not wanting to look after yourself and your needs, such as not caring about your personal hygiene</li><li>wanting to avoid people, including friends</li><li>feeling disconnected from your feelings or emotions</li></ul><p>People with schizophrenia do not have a split personality. Schizophrenia does not usually cause someone to be violent.</p>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/overview/#symptoms"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "Schizophrenia is usually treated with a combination of talking therapies and medicine.",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/TreatmentsHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "",
                    "text": "<p>Schizophrenia is usually treated with a combination of medicine and therapy tailored to each individual.</p><p>In most cases, this will be antipsychotic medicines and <a href=\"/tests-and-treatments/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/\">cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)</a>.</p><p>People with schizophrenia usually receive help from a community mental health team, which can offer day-to-day support and treatment, depending on the needs of each individual.</p><p>Many people recover from schizophrenia, although they may have periods when symptoms return (relapses).</p><p>Support and treatment can help reduce the impact the condition has on daily life.</p>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "Treating schizophrenia",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/schizophrenia/overview/#medical-treatments"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "Symptoms of borderline personality include being emotionally unstable, having upsetting thoughts and acting without thinking.",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/SymptomsHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "",
                    "text": "<p>The symptoms of BPD can be grouped into 4 main areas:</p><ul><li>emotional instability – the psychological term for this is affective dysregulation</li><li>disturbed patterns of thinking or perception – cognitive distortions or perceptual distortions</li><li>impulsive behaviour</li><li>intense but unstable relationships with others</li></ul><p>The symptoms of a personality disorder may range from mild to severe and usually emerge in adolescence, persisting into adulthood.</p>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "Symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD)",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/overview/#symptoms"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "The cause of borderline personality disorder is unclear. It's been linked to traumatic events during childhood, such as neglect or abuse.",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/CausesHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "",
                    "text": "<p>The causes of BPD are unclear. BPD appears to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.</p><p>People with BPD come from many different backgrounds, but most will have experienced some kind of trauma or neglect as children.</p>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "Causes of borderline personality disorder (BPD)",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/overview/#causes"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "The main treatment for borderline personality disorder is a type of talking therapy called psychotherapy.",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/TreatmentsHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "",
                    "text": "<p>Many people with BPD can benefit from psychological or medical treatment.</p><p>Treatment may involve a range of individual and group psychological therapies <a href=\"/conditions/psychotherapy/\">(psychotherapy)</a> carried out by trained professionals working with a community mental health team (CMHT).</p><p>Effective treatment may last more than a year.</p><p>Over time, many people with BPD overcome their symptoms and recover. Additional treatment is recommended for people whose symptoms return.</p>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "Treating borderline personality disorder (BPD)",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder/overview/#medical-treatments"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "Symptoms of depression include feeling unhappy or hopeless, low self-esteem and finding no pleasure in things you usually enjoy.",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/SymptomsHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "",
                    "text": "<p>Depression affects people in different ways and can cause a wide variety of symptoms.</p><p>They range from lasting feelings of unhappiness and hopelessness, to losing interest in the things you used to enjoy and feeling very tearful. Many people with depression also have <a href=\"/mental-health/conditions/generalised-anxiety-disorder-gad/\">symptoms of anxiety</a>.</p><p>There can be physical symptoms too, such as feeling constantly tired, sleeping badly, having no appetite or sex drive, and various aches and pains.</p><p>The <a href=\"/mental-health/conditions/depression-in-adults/symptoms/\">symptoms of depression</a> range from mild to severe. At its mildest, you may simply feel persistently low in spirit, while severe depression can make you feel suicidal, that life is no longer worth living.</p><p>Most people experience feelings of <a href=\"/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/feelings-and-symptoms/\">stress, anxiety or low mood</a> during difficult times. A low mood may improve after a short period of time, rather than being a sign of depression.</p>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "How to tell if you have depression",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/depression-in-adults/overview/#symptoms"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "Many things can cause depression such as stressful events, personality, family history and giving birth.",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/CausesHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "",
                    "text": "<p>Sometimes there's a trigger for depression. Life-changing events, such as bereavement, losing your job or giving birth, can bring it on.</p><p>People with a family history of depression are more likely to experience it themselves. But you can also become depressed for no obvious reason.</p>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "What causes depression?",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/depression-in-adults/overview/#causes"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "Treatment for depression usually involves a combination of lifestyle changes, talking therapies and medicines.",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/TreatmentsHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "",
                    "text": "<p>Treatment for depression can involve a combination of lifestyle changes, talking therapies and medicine. Your recommended treatment will be based on how severe your depression is.</p><p>If you have mild depression, your doctor may suggest waiting to see whether it improves on its own, while monitoring your progress. This is known as \"watchful waiting\". They may also suggest lifestyle measures such as <a href=\"/mental-health/self-help/guides-tools-and-activities/exercise-for-depression/\">exercise</a> and guided self-help.</p><p>Talking therapies, such as <a href=\"/tests-and-treatments/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/\">cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)</a>, may also be used for mild depression.</p><p>For moderate to severe depression, a combination of talking therapy and <a href=\"/medicines/antidepressants/\">antidepressants</a> is often recommended. If you have severe depression, you may be referred to a specialist mental health team for intensive specialist talking treatments and prescribed medicine.</p>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "Treating depression",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/depression-in-adults/overview/#medical-treatments"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "There are things you can do to help with depression, such as exercise, cutting down on alcohol, reading a self-help book or joining a support group.",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/SelfCareHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "",
                    "text": "<p>Many people with depression benefit by making lifestyle changes, such as getting more <a href=\"/live-well/exercise/\">exercise</a>, <a href=\"/live-well/alcohol-advice/tips-on-cutting-down-alcohol/\">cutting down on alcohol</a>, <a href=\"/live-well/quit-smoking/\">giving up smoking</a> and <a href=\"/live-well/eat-well/\">eating healthily</a>.</p><p>Reading a self-help book or joining a support group are also worthwhile. They can help you gain a better understanding about what causes you to feel depressed. Sharing your experiences with others in a similar situation can also be very supportive.</p>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "Living with depression",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/depression-in-adults/overview/#self-care"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "The main symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder are unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviours that you cannot control.",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/SymptomsHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "",
                    "text": "<p>If you have OCD, you'll usually experience frequent obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviours.</p><ul><li>An obsession is an unwanted and unpleasant thought, image or urge that repeatedly enters your mind, causing feelings of anxiety, disgust or unease.</li><li>A compulsion is a repetitive behaviour or mental act that you feel you need to do to temporarily relieve the unpleasant feelings brought on by the obsessive thought.</li></ul><p>For example, someone with an obsessive fear of being burgled may feel they need to check all the windows and doors are locked several times before they can leave their house.</p><p>Women can sometimes have OCD during pregnancy or after their baby is born. Obsessions may include worrying about harming the baby or not sterilising feeding bottles properly. Compulsions could be things such as repeatedly checking the baby is breathing, and intrusive, unwanted and unpleasant thoughts, images or urges. These can cause anxiety and lead to repetitive behaviours.</p><p>If you keep getting these thoughts and they have an effect on your daily life, speak to your GP or health visitor. They can support you or refer you to a specialist mental health team if you need it.</p>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "Symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/overview/#symptoms"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "Obsessive compulsive disorder is usually treated with talking therapies. Medicines may help if your symptoms are severe.",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/TreatmentsHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "",
                    "text": "<p>There are some effective treatments for OCD that can help reduce the impact it has on your life.</p><p>The main treatments are:</p><ul><li>talking therapy – usually <a href=\"/tests-and-treatments/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/\">cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)</a>, which helps you face your fears and obsessive thoughts without \"putting them right\" through compulsions</li><li>medicine – usually a type of <a href=\"/medicines/antidepressants/\">antidepressant medicine</a> called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which can help by altering the balance of chemicals in your brain</li></ul><p>CBT will usually have an effect quite quickly. It can take up to 12 weeks before you notice the effects of treatment with SSRIs, but most people will eventually benefit.</p><p>If these treatments do not help, you may be offered:</p><ul><li>an alternative SSRI</li><li>a combination of an SSRI and CBT</li><li>an antidepressant called clomipramine</li></ul><p>Some people may be referred to a specialist mental health service for further treatment.</p>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "Treatments for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/overview/#medical-treatments"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "The most common symptom of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is depression that happens in the winter and goes away in the summer.",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/SymptomsHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "",
                    "text": "<p>The main symptom of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is <a href=\"/mental-health/conditions/depression-in-adults/\">depression</a> that happens in the winter and goes away in the summer.</p><p>Some people have depression symptoms in summer instead, but this is less common.</p><p>Symptoms of seasonal affective disorder include:</p><ul><li>low mood</li><li>a lack of interest in things you usually enjoy</li><li>feeling guilty, hopeless or worthless</li><li>feeling restless or irritable</li><li>difficulty concentrating</li><li>being more hungry and eating more than usual</li><li>being more tired and sleeping more than usual</li><li>thoughts of suicide or self-harm</li></ul><p>Some people also have a period of feeling more energetic than usual at the start of spring or summer.</p>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "Symptoms of seasonal affective disorder (SAD)",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder-sad/#symptoms"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/MedicalHelpNonurgentHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "See a GP if:",
                    "identifier": "primary",
                    "text": "<ul>\n<li>\n  you think you might have seasonal affective disorder (SAD)\n </li>\n<li>\n  you’ve been diagnosed with seasonal affective disorder and treatment is not helping\n </li>\n</ul>\n"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder-sad/#non-urgent-medical-help"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is thought to be linked to reduced daylight in winter, and changes to brain chemicals and sleeping patterns.",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/CausesHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "",
                    "text": "<p>It’s not known exactly what causes seasonal affective disorder (SAD), but it’s thought to be linked to reduced levels of daylight in winter.</p><p>This may cause changes to brain chemicals like melatonin and serotonin that affect your mood and your sleeping patterns (circadian rhythm).</p>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "Causes of seasonal affective disorder (SAD)",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder-sad/#causes"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "A GP may diagnose seasonal affective disorder (SAD) if you’ve had seasonal depression symptoms for 2 years or longer.",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/DiagnosisHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "",
                    "text": "<p>If you see a GP about seasonal affective disorder (SAD) symptoms, they’ll usually ask about your moods and how they change over time. You may also be asked to fill in a questionnaire about your symptoms.</p><p>You may be diagnosed with seasonal affective disorder if you’ve had depression symptoms at a particular time of year for 2 years or longer.</p>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "How seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is diagnosed",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder-sad/#diagnosis"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "Treatments for seasonal affective disorder (SAD) include antidepressants, talking therapies and light therapy.",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/TreatmentsHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "",
                    "text": "<p>Seasonal affective disorder can be difficult to deal with, but treatment can help manage your symptoms.</p><p>Treatments for seasonal affective disorder include:</p><ul><li><a href=\"/medicines/antidepressants/\">antidepressants</a></li><li>talking therapies, such as <a href=\"/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/talking-therapies-and-counselling/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/\">cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)</a></li><li>light therapy</li></ul><p>Many people need treatment every winter to stop symptoms from coming back.</p><h3>Light therapy</h3><p>Light therapy involves using a bright light, sometimes called a SAD lamp or light box, to simulate daylight in winter.</p><p>It’s not usually available on the NHS as there’s not enough evidence to tell whether it’s effective. But many people find it helps their symptoms.</p><p>Speak to a GP before trying light therapy. It might not be suitable if you have certain eye conditions or are taking some medicines that increase your sensitivity to light.</p><p>If you buy a light box or SAD lamp, make sure it's bright enough (10,000 lux is standard), UV-free and has a UKCA or CE mark. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for using your light.</p>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "Treatment for seasonal affective disorder (SAD)",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder-sad/#medical-treatments"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "You can help seasonal affective disorder (SAD) symptoms by going outside every day, exercising, and having a good sleep routine.",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/SelfCareHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "",
                    "text": "<p>There are things you can do to help your seasonal affective disorder (SAD) symptoms.</p>"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "Do",
                    "text": "<ul><li><p>get as much natural daylight as you can – try to go outside in the daytime every day</p></li><li><p>get regular exercise</p></li><li><p>stay in contact with friends and family</p></li><li><p>keep up with your usual activities</p></li><li><p>try to go to bed and wake up at the same time every day</p></li></ul>"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "Don't",
                    "text": "<ul><li><p>do not drink too much alcohol or use illegal drugs</p></li><li><p>do not use electronic devices, such as smartphones, right before going to bed</p></li></ul>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "Self-care for seasonal affective disorder (SAD)",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder-sad/#self-care"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "If you have seasonal affective disorder (SAD) or someone you know has it, you can get support from charities like Mind and Rethink Mental Illness.",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/LivingWithHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "",
                    "text": "<p>If you have seasonal affective disorder (SAD), you can get support from your GP. They'll also be able to give you information about local support services you may find helpful.</p><p>There are also national and local charities, such as Mind and Rethink Mental Illness, that can offer information and support.</p><h3>Online or local support groups</h3><p>There are charities that offer online or local support groups for anyone affected by seasonal affective disorder.</p><ul><li><a href=\"https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/guides-to-support-and-services/peer-support-groups/how-to-find-a-support-group/\">How to find a support group (Mind)</a></li></ul><h3>Support for family, friends and carers</h3><p>If you care for someone who has seasonal affective disorder, you can get advice and support from charities.</p><ul><li><a href=\"https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/seasonal-affective-disorder-sad/how-to-help-someone-with-sad/\">How to help someone with seasonal affective disorder (Mind)</a></li><li><a href=\"https://www.rethink.org/advice-and-information/carers-hub/\">Caring for someone else's mental health (Rethink Mental Illness)</a></li></ul><h3>More information and advice</h3><p>You can read more information and advice about seasonal affective disorder on charity websites.</p><ul><li><a href=\"https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/seasonal-affective-disorder-sad/\">Seasonal affective disorder (Mind)</a></li><li><a href=\"https://www.rethink.org/aboutus/what-we-do/advice-and-information-service/\">Mental health advice and information service (Rethink Mental Illness)</a></li></ul>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "Help and support for seasonal affective disorder (SAD)",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder-sad/#support"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that follows a seasonal pattern.",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/OverviewHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)",
                    "text": "Symptoms"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)",
                    "text": "Causes"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)",
                    "text": "Medical treatments"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)",
                    "text": "Self-care"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "text": "<p>The most common symptom of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is depression that happens in the winter and goes away in the summer.</p> "
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "text": "<p>Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is thought to be linked to reduced daylight in winter, and changes to brain chemicals and sleeping patterns.</p> "
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "text": "<p>Treatments for seasonal affective disorder (SAD) include antidepressants, talking therapies and light therapy.</p> "
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "text": "<p>You can help seasonal affective disorder (SAD) symptoms by going outside every day, exercising, and having a good sleep routine.</p> "
                }
            ],
            "headline": "",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder-sad/#overview"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "Symptoms of phobia can include feeling anxious, sweating and feeling sick.",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/SymptomsHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "",
                    "text": "<p>Symptoms of a phobia include:</p><ul><li>severe anxiety and worry</li><li>feeling dizzy and lightheaded</li><li>a more noticeable or unusual heartbeat (<a href=\"/symptoms/heart-palpitations/\">palpitations</a>)</li><li>tightness in your chest</li><li>feeling sick or being sick, or diarrhoea</li><li>trembling or shaking</li><li>a strong or intense fear that you may faint, lose control or die</li></ul>"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "See a GP if:",
                    "identifier": "primary",
                    "text": "<ul>\n<li>\n  you think you have a phobia and the symptoms are affecting your life\n </li>\n</ul>\n"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "Symptoms of a phobia",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/phobias/#symptoms"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "There are different types of phobias. Some cause a fear of a specific thing, while others cause fears of more general, everyday situations.",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/TypesHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "",
                    "text": "<p>There are many different phobias and they're usually caused by a particular thing or situation.</p><p>Some phobias are only triggered when you come into contact with the object or situation that causes them. These include phobias of:</p><ul><li>animals, such as dogs, insects or snakes</li><li>situations, such as flying, heights, being in a small space</li><li>bodily fluids, such as blood or vomit</li></ul><p>Other phobias may have more of an impact on your life. These include phobias of:</p><ul><li>going outside (<a href=\"/mental-health/conditions/agoraphobia/\">agoraphobia</a>)</li><li>talking to and interacting with other people (<a href=\"/mental-health/conditions/social-anxiety/\">social anxiety</a>)</li></ul>"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "Information",
                    "text": "<h3>More information</h3><p><a href=\"https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/phobias/types-of-phobia/\">Mind: phobias (including different types)</a></p>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "Types of phobias",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/phobias/#types"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "There are things you can do to help manage a phobia, such as making lifestyle changes and talking to people you trust.",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/SelfCareHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "",
                    "text": "<p>Phobias are different for everyone but there are things you can do to manage and improve your symptoms.</p>"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "Do",
                    "text": "<ul><li><p>try breathing <a href=\"/mental-health/self-help/guides-tools-and-activities/breathing-exercises-for-stress/\">exercises to help you relax</a></p></li><li><p>talk to someone you trust about your phobia</p></li><li><p>join a self-help group online or in person - meeting others with similar phobias and experiences can help</p></li><li><p>be careful about looking up information online - you may not be ready to see triggering images</p></li><li><p>check places like zoos and airlines for sessions they may run for people with phobias</p></li></ul>"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "Don't",
                    "text": "<ul><li><p>do not have energy drinks or drinks containing caffeine after 3pm, as it can affect your sleep and make your anxiety worse</p></li></ul>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "Things you can do to help a phobia",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/phobias/#self-care"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "Phobias are often treated with talking therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). If that does not work, medicines may be prescribed.",
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                {
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                    "text": "<p>Phobias can be difficult to cope with, but treatment can help manage your symptoms.</p><p>Treatments for phobias include:</p><ul><li><a href=\"/tests-and-treatments/talking-therapies/\">talking therapies</a> such as <a href=\"/tests-and-treatments/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/\">cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)</a></li><li>hypnotherapy</li><li>medicines such as <a href=\"/medicines/antidepressants/\">antidepressants</a>, <a href=\"/medicines/beta-blockers/\">beta blockers</a>, and sedatives that calm and relax</li></ul><p>You can refer yourself directly to an NHS talking therapies service without a referral from a GP</p>"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "Information",
                    "text": "<h3>More information</h3><ul><li><a href=\"/nhs-services/mental-health-services/find-nhs-talking-therapies-for-anxiety-and-depression/\">Find an NHS talking therapies service</a></li><li><a href=\"https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/phobias/treatment/\">Mind website: treatment for phobias (including hypnotherapy for phobias)</a></li></ul>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "Treatment for phobias",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/phobias/#medical-treatments"
        },
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            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/CausesHealthAspect",
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                    "headline": "",
                    "text": "<p>It’s not always clear why some phobias start but many can be linked to a frightening event or stressful situation. They usually develop as a child, teenager or young adult.</p><p>You may be more likely to have a phobia if:</p><ul><li>a frightening childhood experience – for example, being chased by a dog may cause a phobia of dogs</li><li>you had family or friends with a phobia – it's possible to learn it from others</li><li>other people have reacted to your panic or fear negatively – being embarrassed about your reaction to your phobia can increase your anxiety</li><li>you’re a woman – anxiety disorders are more common in women than in men</li><li>you have a family history of anxiety disorders</li></ul>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "Causes of a phobia",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/phobias/#causes"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "Phobias are a fear of an object, place or situation that can cause symptoms such as anxiety, panic and breathlessness",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/OverviewHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "Phobias",
                    "text": "Symptoms"
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                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "Phobias",
                    "text": "Types"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "Phobias",
                    "text": "Self-care"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "Phobias",
                    "text": "Medical treatments"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "Phobias",
                    "text": "Causes"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "text": "<p>Symptoms of phobia can include feeling anxious, sweating and feeling sick.</p> "
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "text": "<p>There are different types of phobias. Some cause a fear of a specific thing, while others cause fears of more general, everyday situations.</p> "
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "text": "<p>There are things you can do to help manage a phobia, such as making lifestyle changes and talking to people you trust.</p> "
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "text": "<p>Phobias are often treated with talking therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). If that does not work, medicines may be prescribed.</p> "
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "text": "<p></p> "
                }
            ],
            "headline": "",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/phobias/#overview"
        },
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            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "Symptoms of an eating disorder include worrying about your weight, eating too little or making yourself sick after eating.",
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                    "text": "<p>If you or people around you are worried that you have an unhealthy relationship with food, you could have an eating disorder.</p><p>Symptoms of eating disorders include:</p><ul><li>spending a lot of time worrying about your weight and body shape</li><li>avoiding socialising when you think food will be involved</li><li>eating very little food</li><li>making yourself sick or taking laxatives after you eat</li><li>exercising too much</li><li>having very strict habits or routines around food</li><li>changes in your mood, such as being withdrawn, anxious or depressed</li></ul><p>You may also notice physical signs, including:</p><ul><li>feeling cold, tired or dizzy</li><li>pains, tingling or numbness in your arms and legs (poor circulation)</li><li>feeling your heart racing, fainting or feeling faint</li><li>problems with your digestion, such as bloating, constipation or diarrhoea</li><li>your weight being very high or very low for someone of your age and height</li><li>not getting your period or other delayed signs of puberty</li></ul>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "Check if you have an eating disorder",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/behaviours/eating-disorders/overview/#symptoms"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "Treatment for an eating disorder depends on the type of condition you have. It usually involves talking therapy.",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/TreatmentsHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
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                    "headline": "",
                    "text": "<p>You can recover from an eating disorder, but it may take time and recovery will be different for everyone.</p><p>If you're referred to an eating disorder specialist or team of specialists, they'll be responsible for your care.</p><p>They should talk to you about the support you might need, such as for other conditions you have, and include this in your treatment plan.</p><p>Your treatment will depend on the type of eating disorder you have, but usually includes a talking therapy.</p><p>You may also need regular health checks if your eating disorder is having an impact on your physical health.</p><p>Your treatment may also involve working through a guided self-help programme if you have bulimia or binge eating disorder.</p><p>Most people will be offered individual therapy, but those with binge eating disorder may be offered group therapy.</p>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "Treatment for eating disorders",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/behaviours/eating-disorders/overview/#medical-treatments"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "Anyone can get an eating disorder but things that make it more likely include family problems, depression or dealing with difficult things like death.",
            "hasHealthAspect": "http://schema.org/CausesHealthAspect",
            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "",
                    "text": "<p>The exact cause of eating disorders is unknown.</p><p>You may be more likely to get an eating disorder if:</p><ul><li>you or a member of your family has a history of eating disorders, depression, or alcohol or drug misuse</li><li>you've been criticised for your eating habits, body shape or weight</li><li>you're really worried about being slim, particularly if you also feel pressure from society or your job, for example, ballet dancers, models or athletes</li><li>you have anxiety, low self-esteem, an obsessive personality or are a perfectionist</li><li>you've been sexually abused</li></ul>"
                }
            ],
            "headline": "What causes eating disorders?",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/behaviours/eating-disorders/overview/#causes"
        },
        {
            "@type": "HealthTopicContent",
            "description": "Eating disorders are a group of related conditions including anorexia nervosa, bulimia and binge eating disorder.",
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            "hasPart": [
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "Overview – Eating disorders",
                    "text": "Symptoms"
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                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "headline": "Overview – Eating disorders",
                    "text": "Medical treatments"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "text": "<p>Symptoms of an eating disorder include worrying about your weight, eating too little or making yourself sick after eating.</p> "
                },
                {
                    "@type": "WebPageElement",
                    "text": "<p>Treatment for an eating disorder depends on the type of condition you have. It usually involves talking therapy.</p> "
                }
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            "headline": "",
            "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/behaviours/eating-disorders/overview/#overview"
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