Information Density: Edinformatics – Signal Evidence & AI Readability

[IMG: Edinformatics - Educational Resource]

[IMG: MathMol]

[H4] Visit MathMol -- Mathematics and Molecules
MathMol is an ideal STEM activity for K-12 students since it introduces molecular structure as it relates to mathematics and utilizes 3D visualization technology. The site is interactive not just in the software used (Jsmol) but we also insert online question to test understanding.

[H3] EDinformatics Featured Activities

[IMG: triple beam balance]

[H4] Mass Volume and Density
How to find mass, volume and density for liquid and solid
More Info

[IMG: andromeda galaxy]

[H4] Solar System and Beyond
Solar System and Beyond, Dark Energy and Matter, Black Holes
More Info

[IMG: 1886 bike]

[H4] 100 Greatest Inventions of all Time
Here is the Encyclopedia Britannica's list for-- The Greatest Inventions of All Times
More Info

[IMG: how does a battery work]

[H4] How does a Battery Work
How does a battery work... making a battery using lemons
More Info

[IMG: physics html5 simulations]

[H4] HTML5 Simulations--Physics and More
View with most latest browsers using HTML5
More Info

[IMG: simple machilnes]

[H4] Simple Machines
The six simple machines with an online assessment
More Info

[IMG: how were the pyramids built]

[H4] How were the Pyramids Builts
Read the latest about how they built the Egyptian Pyramids
More Info

[IMG: nanogears -- nanotechnology]

[H4] Nanotechnology
Nanorobotics, nanomedicine, nanocar, atomic force microscope...more
More Info

[IMG: why does ice float -- ice structure]

[H4] Why does ice float?
Try an interactive activity that uses molecular modeling to explain the reason ice floats.
More Info

[IMG: water molecular dynamics]

[H4] How is heat transferred?
Conduction - Convection - Radiation
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Water
More Info

[IMG: what is difference between mass and weight]

[H4] What is the difference between mass and weight?
Interactive experiment to understand concept ...
More Info

[IMG: what is helium 3]

[H4] What is Helium-3
And, why is it so important --where does a large amount exist?

More Info

[H3] Most Visited K-12 Assessments for Student

[H4] Edinformatics Assessments
---Most math and science content pages contain an online assessment at the end of page. Following are are most visited.
Mass Volume Density Assessment --Two assessment are available each containing 10 questions each based on the topics contained in the Mass, Volume Density Module.
Simple Machines Assessment Test -- Assessment on the readings about the six simple machines
Physical or Chemical Change? --Test your Understanding difference between physical and chemical changes
TIMSS Tests Online -- Math and Science Tests for 3rd grade, and 8tseh grade (4 tests are available.

[IMG: edinformatics challenge -- science and math test]

[H4] Databases

[H4] Testing Resources

[H4] Schools

[H4] STEM / NGSS Activities

[H4] Investing

[H4] Cooking and Travel

[H3] Take the Edinformatics Challenge

Edinformatics has designed a two part -end of year- 8th grade science test that accesses both "Knowledge and Concepts" (Part I), and "Reasoning and Analysis Skills" (part II). Most of the science material used for the test is consistent with current intermediate school textbooks. Several questions require more rigorous mathematics that is contained within the newly initiated Common Core Standards and the NGSS (Next Generation Science Standards).
Read more about -The EDinformatics Challenge
See Part I - Knowledge and Concepts
See Part II - Reasoning and Analysis

[IMG: edinformatics challenge -- science and math test]

[H3] Featured Articles

Glutathione shown to boost T-cell energy metabolism -- HealthyMolecules.com
3 Win 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work in molecular machines - Nanocars
What were the Greatest Inventions of all Time -- What are the 300 Greatest Inventions of all time?
Great Thinkers --Great Minds- Who were the greatest thinkers of all time? EDinformatics puts its list on the WEB... mathematicians, philosophers, artists, writers, scientists ..
The Adolescent Brain --Why Teenagers Think and Act Differently It now appears some of that baffling behavior of your teenage child (or student) may be the result of neurobiology not raging hormones
Being Bilingual and using it staves off Dementia-- people who are fully bilingual and speak both languages every day for most of their lives can delay the onset of dementia by up to four years ...
New Drugs in the Fight Against Alzheimer's --The past few years have brought some encouraging studies to the forefront in Alzheimer's and Dementia with several drugs for Alzheimer's Disease in the pipeline that show promise -- see Alzheimer's Update 2017
Last Minute Science Projects-- While few good ones are out there, we do have some creative ideas of our own if you are willing to put the time and effort into them
Culinary Arts or Culinary Science? --Now it's Molecular Gastronomy With changes in how we cook and eat the fields of culinary arts and culinary science appear to be merging forming new areas know as 'Molecular Gastronomy" and Culinology... read more -- Best Culinary Schools in New York -- 2016 Reviews...-- What are the best Recreational Cooking Schools in the World -- Cooking and Travel.
NCTM Focal Points and Singapore Math ---Will the current Math Curriculum using the NCTM Focal Points be more in line with International Standards? Many schools are implementing a Singapore Style Math component...
Exercise Could Slow Aging --It now appears that physically active people have cells that look younger at the molecular level than those that are sedentary..
What is Helium-3 and why it is so important? -Why is China and Russia heading for the moon to mine Helium-3? Can Helium fusion solve the Earth's energy problems?
How does Tamiflu Work Against the Flu --If you take Tamiflu within 48 hours of showing symptoms, it can shorten the duration of the flu (strains A and B). How does Tamiflu work?
About the Zika Virus and a Zika Vaccine -Zika has arrived in the US and currently is growing in Florida... Several vaccines are now under development... read more -
What is Blood Made of? -- Components of Blood - How does the heart work?-
What is gluten, gluten sensitivity and celiac disease?- What are genese involved in this disease? -What causes an immune response against gluten? - What are lectins? ... read more
Climate Change
Global Warming in the News
Dangers in our Atmosphere
SUMMER ACADEMIC PROGRAMS FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS GIVEN AT TOP COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES- 2026 PROGRAMS

[H5] - IMAGES FROM SOLAR ECLIPSE OF THE SUN -- APRIL 2024 -NYC

[H5] --DANGERS IN THE HOME --Lead Poisoning, Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, Dangers of Lithium Ion Batteries
WHAT ARE THE BEST CULINARY SCHOOLS IN AMERICA?

[H1] Why does ice float?
Ice floats because it is less dense than water. Water has a density of 1.0 gm/cubic cm.
The density of ice Ih is 0.931 gm/cubic cm.
But, why is ice less dense than water if both are made up of molecules of H2O?

-------------->spin on -------->-
spin off
------>space fill/cpk
-------->stick
----> ball-and-stick
To Rotate the Molecule--->Left Click and Drag
To Zoom-->>Left Click + hold Shift button and Drag Vertically
Jsmol Menu --->>Right-Click
Try this!!
Change to wireframe first:
Click on right mouse button over box
Style --> Schemes --> wireframe
Label atoms:
Style -->Label ---> atom number
Measure the following angles:
<415
<512
<213
<314
To measure angles: hold left mouse bottom over atom and double click on atom 1, drag to second atom (center atom) single click center atom, drag and double click atom 3.

[H1]

-------------->spin on -------->- spin off
------>space fill/cpk -------->stick ----> ball-and-stick

Liquid water has a partially ordered structure in which hydrogen bonds are constantly being formed and breaking up.
[IMG: water dimer molecule]

On the other hand ice has a rigid lattice structure.
In liquid water each molecule is hydrogen bonded to approximately 3.4 other water molecules.
In ice each each molecule is hydrogen bonded to 4 other molecules.
Compare the two structures below. Notice the empty spaces within the ice structure.

[IMG: water structure]

[IMG: ice structure]

In ice Ih, each water forms four hydrogen bonds with O---O distances of 2.76 Angstroms to the nearest oxygen neighbor. Because of ordered structure in ice there are less H20 molecules in a given space of volume.
Try this --
Try this --
1) Measure the O-O distances between any two
adjacent oxygen atoms in ice shown in the above structure..
Please enter your answer in
the space provided:

2) Measure the O-O-O angle formed
between adjacent oxygen atoms in ice.

3) What is the length of the hydrogen bond
H-O in ice?

Unlike ice -- water at room temperature is in constant motion -- hydrogen bonds are constantly formed and being broken-- click here to see water molecules in motion

[H4] Explain it with Molecules

Why is water such a good solvent?
Hydrogen bonds in water and ice
Why does ice float?
Why do solids, liquids and gases behave differently?
What is the geometry of methane?
What's the difference between alpha and beta glucose?
How does caffeine work in the brain?
How does soap work?
What is the difference between sucrose and fructose?
Why is carbon monoxide so dangerous?
Why is graphite so soft if it is made of only carbon?
What is the difference between Carbyne and Graphite?
Why is the fullerene and similar structures the cornerstone of nanotechnology?
How big is a nanotube?
Why does table salt have a cubic crystal shape?
What is the structure of the benzene molecule?
Why do carcinogens cause cancer?
What causes Sickle Cell Anemia?
What is the difference between sodium nitrite and nitrate?
How do drugs work?

[H4] Molecules of Life Resources
Periodic Table of Elements
Simple Carbon Compounds
What is Nanotechnology?
Explain it with Molecules
How do Drugs Work?

[H4] Properties of Water and Ice
Properties of water and ice
Does ice evaporate?
Water Concepts
Water dimer properties
Water molecules in motion

WHAT
WERE THE GREATEST INVENTIONS OF ALL TIME?
Here is the Encyclopædia Britannica's
list for--The
Greatest Inventions of All Times
INVENTIONYEARINVENTORCOUNTRY
aerosol
can1926Erik
RotheimNorway
air
conditioning1902Willis
Haviland CarrierUS
airbag, automotive1952John
HetrickUS
airplane, engine-powered1903Wilbur
& Orville WrightUS
airship1852Henri
GiffardFrance
alphabetc.
1700–1500 BCSemitic-speaking peopleseastern
coast of Mediterranean Sea American
Sign Language1817Thomas
H. GallaudetUS
animation,
motion-picture1906J.
Stuart BlacktonUS
answering
machine, telephone1898Valdemar
PoulsenDenmark
aspartame1965James
SchlatterUS
aspirin1897Felix
Hoffmann (Bayer)Germany
assembly
line1913Henry
FordUS astrolabec.
2nd century——
AstroTurf1965James
M. Faria, Robert T. WrightUS
audiotape1928Fritz
PfleumerGermany
automated
teller machine (ATM)1968Don
WetzelUS
automobile1889Gottlieb
DaimlerGermany
baby food,
prepared1927Dorothy
GerberUS
bag, flat-bottomed
paper1870Margaret
KnightUS
Bakelite1907Leo
Hendrik BaekelandUS
ball
bearing1794Philip
VaughanEngland
balloon,
hot-air1783Joseph
& Étienne MontgolfierFrance
bandage,
adhesive1921Earle
DicksonUS
bar code1952Joseph
WoodlandUS
barbed wire1874Joseph
Glidden US
barometer1643Evangelista
TorricelliItaly
battery,
electric storage1800Alessandro
VoltaItaly
beerbefore
6000 BCSumerians, BabyloniansMesopotamia
bicycle1818Baron
Karl de Drais de SauerbrunGermany
bifocal lens1784Benjamin
FranklinUS
bikini1946Louis
RéardFrance
blood banklate
1930sCharles Richard DrewUS
blow-dryer1920Racine
Universal Motor Co., Hamilton Beach Manufacturing Co.US
bomb,
atomic1945J.
Robert Oppenheimer, et al.US
bomb,
thermonuclear (hydrogen)1952Edward
Teller, et al.US
boomerangc.
15,000 years agoAboriginal peoplesAustralia
Braille system1824Louis
BrailleFrance
brassiere
(bra)1913Mary
Phelps JacobUS
bread, sliced (bread-slicing machine)1928Otto
Frederick RohwedderUS
buttonc.
700 BCGreeks, EtruscansGreece,
Italy buttonhole13th
century—Europe
calculator,
electronic hand-held1967Jack
S. KilbyUS
calculus1680sSir
Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (invented separately)England
and Germany (respectively) calendar,
modern (Gregorian)1582Pope
Gregory XIIIItaly
camcorder1982Sony
Corp.Japan
camera, motion
picture1891Thomas
Alva Edison, William K.L. DicksonUS
camera, portable
photographic1888George
EastmanUS
can, metal beverage1933American
Can Co.US
can opener1858Ezra
J. WarnerUS
candlec.
3000 BC—Egypt,
Crete canning,
food1809Nicolas
AppertFrance
carbon-14
dating1946Willard
F. LibbyUS
cardboard, corrugated1871Albert
JonesUS cards,
playingc. 10th century—China
cash
register1879James
RittyUS cat
litter1947Edward
LoweUS catalog,
mail-order1872Aaron
Montgomery WardUS
cellophane1911Jacques
E. BrandenbergerSwitzerland
celluloid1869John
Wesley HyattUS
cement, portland1824Joseph
AspdinEngland
cereal
flakes, breakfast1894John
Harvey KelloggUS
chewing
gum (modern)c. 1870Thomas
AdamsUS chocolatec.
3rd–10th centuryMaya, AztecsCentral
America, Mexico chronometer1762John
HarrisonEngland
clock,
pendulum1656Christiaan
HuygensThe Netherlands
clock,
quartz1927Warren
A. MarrisonCanada/US
cloning,
animal1970John
B. GurdonUK
coffee, drip1908Melitta
BentzGermany
coffee,
decaffeinated1905Ludwig
RoseliusGermany
coinsc.
650 BCLydiansTurkey
compact
disc (CD)1980Philips
Electronics, Sony Corp.The Netherlands,
Japan compass,
magneticc. 12th century—China,
Europe computed
tomography (CT scan, CAT scan)1972Godfrey
Hounsfield, Allan CormackUK, US
computer,
electronic digital1939John
V. Atanasoff, Clifford E. BerryUS
computer,
laptop1983Radio
Shack Corp.US
computer,
personal1974MITS
(Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems)US
concrete,
reinforced1867Joseph
MonierFrance
condom, latexc.
1930——
contact
lenses1887Adolf
FickGermany
contraceptives,
oralearly 1950sGregory
Pincus, John Rock, Min Chueh ChangUS
corn,
hybrid1917Donald
F. JonesUS
correction
fluid, white1951Bette
NesmithUS
cotton gin1793Eli
WhitneyUS
coupon, grocery1894Asa
CandlerUS
crayons, children's
wax1903Edwin
Binney, C. Harold SmithUS
cream separator (dairy processing)1878Carl
Gustaf Patrik de LavalSweden
credit
card1950Frank
McNamara, Ralph Schneider (Diners' Club)US
crossword
puzzles1913Arthur
WynneUS DDT1874Othmar
ZeidlerGermany
defibrillator1952Paul
M. ZollUS
denturesc.
700 BCEtruscansItaly
detector,
metallate 1920sGerhard
FisherGermany/US
detector,
home smoke1969Randolph
Smith, Kenneth HouseUS
diamond,
artificial1955General
Electric Co.US
diapers,
disposable1950Marion
DonovanUS
digital
videodisc (DVD)1995consortium
of international electronics companiesJapan,
US, The Netherlands dishwasher1886Josephine
CochraneUS
DNA
fingerprinting1984Alec
JeffreysUK
doughnut (ring)
or donut1847Hanson
Crockett GregoryUS
door,
revolving1888Theophilus
von KannelUS
drinking fountainc.
1905–1912Luther Haws, Halsey W.
Taylor (invented separately)US
dry
cleaning1855Jean
Baptiste JollyFrance
dynamite1867Alfred
NobelSweden
elastic, fabricc.
1830Thomas HancockUK
electric chair1888Harold
P. Brown, Arthur E. KennellyUS
electrocardiogram
(ECG, EKG)1903Willem
EinthovenThe Netherlands
electroencephalogram
(EEG)1929Hans
BergerGermany
electronic
mail (e-mail)1971Ray
TomlinsonUS
elevator, passenger1852Elisha
Graves OtisUS
encyclopediac.
4th century BC or 77 ADSpeusippus
(compliation of Plato's teachings) or Pliny the Elder (comprehensive work)Greece
or Rome engine,
internal-combustion1859Étienne
LenoirFrance
engine, jet1930Sir
Frank WhittleUK
engine,
liquid-fueled rocket1926Robert
H. GoddardUS
engine, steam1698Thomas
SaveryEngland
escalator1891Jesse
W. RenoUS
eyeglasses1280sSalvino
degli Armati or Alessandro di SpinaItaly
facsimile (fax)1842Alexander
BainScotland
fiber optics1955Narinder
S. KapanyIndia
fiberglass1938Owens
Corning (corp.)US
film,
photographic1884George
EastmanUS
flashlight,
battery-operated portable1899Conrad
HubertRussia/US
flask,
vacuum (Thermos)1892Sir
James DewarScotland
food
processor1971Pierre
VerdonFrance
foods,
freeze-dried1946Earl
W. FlosdorfUS
foods,
frozenc. 1924Clarence
BirdseyeUS
Fresnel lens1820Augustin-Jean
FresnelFrance
fuel cell1839William
R. GroveUK
genetic
engineering1973Stanley
N. Cohen, Herbert W. BoyerUS
Geiger
counter1908Hans
GeigerGermany
glassc.
2500 BCEgyptians or PhoeniciansEgypt
or Lebanon glass,
safety1909Édouard
BénédictusFrance
greeting card, Christmas1843John
Callcott HorsleyEngland
guillotine1792Joseph-Ignace
GuillotinFrance
guitar,
electric1941Les
PaulUS gunpowderc.
10th century—China
or Arabia hanger,
wire coat1903Albert
J. ParkhouseUS
helicopter1939Igor
SikorskyRussia/US
holography1948Dennis
GaborHungary
hypodermic
syringe1853Charles
Gabriel PravazFrance
in
vitro fertilization (IVF), human1978Patrick
Steptoe, Robert EdwardsUK
inkc.
2500 BC—Egypt,
China insulin,
extraction and preparation of1921Sir
Frederick Grant Banting, Charles H. BestCanada
integrated
circuit1958Jack
S. KilbyUS
Internet1969Advanced
Research Projects Agency (ARPA) at the Dept. of DefenseUS
iron, electric1882Henry
W. SeelyUS
irradiation,
food1905—US/UK
jeans1873Levi
Strauss, Jacob DavisUS
JELL-O (gelatin
dessert)1897Pearle
B. WaitUS
jukebox1889Louis
GlassUS Kevlar1965Stephanie
KwolekUS
Kool-Aid
(fruit drink mix)1927Edwin
E. PerkinsUS
laser1958Gordon
Gould and Charles Hard Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow (invented separately)US
laundromat1934J.F.
CantrellUS
lawn mower,
gasoline-poweredc. 1940Leonard
GoodallUS
Legolate
1940sOle Kirk ChristiansenDenmark
light
bulb, incandescent1879Thomas
Alva EdisonUS
light
bulb, fluorescent1934Arthur
ComptonUS
light-emitting
diode (LED)1962Nick
Holonyak, Jr.US
linoleum1860Frederick
WaltonUK
lipstick, tube1915Maurice
LevyUS liquid
crystal display (LCD)1963George
Heilmeier US
lock and keyc.
2000 BCAssyriansMesopotamia
locomotive1829George
StephensonEngland
longbowc.
1000—Wales
loudspeaker1924Chester
W. Rice, Edward W. KelloggUS
magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI)early 1970sRaymond
Damadian, Paul LauterburUS
margarine1869Hippolyte
Mège-Mouriès France
matches,
friction1827John
WalkerEngland
metric
system of measurement1795French
Academy of SciencesFrance
microphone1878David
E. HughesUK/US
microscope,
compound opticalc. 1600Hans
& Zacharias JansenThe Netherlands
microscope,
electron1933Ernst
RuskaGermany
microwave
oven1945Percy
L. SpencerUS
miniature
golfc. 1930Garnet
CarterUS
mirror, glassc.
1200VenetiansItaly
missile,
guided1942Wernher
von BraunGermany
mobile
home1919Glenn
H. CurtissUS
money, paperlate
900s—China
Monopoly
(board game)1934Charles
B. DarrowUS
Morse code1838Samuel
F.B. MorseUS
motor,
electric1834Thomas
DavenportUS
motor, outboard1907Ole
EvinrudeNorway/US
motorcycle1885Gottlieb
Daimler, Wilhelm MaybachGermany
mouse,
computer1963–64Douglas
EngelbartUS
Muzak1922George
Owen SquierUS
nail, constructionc.
3300 BCSumeriansMesopotamia
necktie17th
century—Croatia
neon lighting1910Georges
ClaudeFrance
nuclear
reactor1942Enrico
FermiUS nylon1937Wallace
H. CarothersUS
oil lamp1784Aimé
ArgandSwitzerland
oil well1859Edwin
Laurentine DrakeUS
pacemaker,
cardiac1952Paul
M. ZollUS
paperc.
105Ts'ai LunChina
paper
clip1899Johan
VaalerNorway
paper towel1931Arthur
ScottUS parachute,
modern1797André-Jacques
GarnerinFrance
parking
meter1932Carl
C. MageeUS
particle
accelerator1929Sir
John Douglas Cockcroft, Ernest Thomas Sinton WaltonIreland/UK
pasteurization1864Louis
PasteurFrance
pen, ballpoint1938Lazlo
BiroHungary
pencil1565Conrad
GesnerSwitzerland
periodic
table1871Dmitry
Ivanovich MendeleyevRussia
personal watercraft, motorized1968Bombardier,
Inc.Canada
petroleum
jelly1870sRobert
ChesebroughUS
phonograph1877Thomas
Alva EdisonUS
photocopying
(xerography)1937Chester
F. CarlsonUS
photography1837Louis-Jacques-Mandé
DaguerreFrance
photography,
instant1947Edwin
Herbert LandUS
Play-Doh1956Noah
W. & Joseph S. McVickerUS
plow,
steel1836John
DeereUS pocket
watchc. 1500Peter
HenleinGermany
polyethylene1935Eric
Fawcett, Reginald GibsonUK
polygraph
(lie detector)1921John
A. LarsonUS
polyvinyl
chloride (PVC)1872Eugen
BaumannGermany
Post-it
Notesmid-1970sArthur
Fry (3M)US
potato chips1853George
CrumUS printing
press, movable typec. 1450Johannes
GutenbergGermany
Prozac1972Ray
W. Fuller, Bryan B. Molloy, David T. WongUS
radarc.
1904Christian HülsmeyerGermany
radio1896Guglielmo
MarconiItaly
radio, carearly
1920sWilliam P. LearUS
rayon1884Louis-Marie-Hilaire
Bernigaud, count of ChardonnetFrance
razor, electric1928Jacob
SchickUS
razor, safetyc.
1900King Camp GilletteUS
reaper,
mechanical1831Cyrus
Hall McCormickUS
record, long-playing (LP)1948Peter
Carl GoldmarkUS
refrigerator1842John
GorrieUS
remote control, television1950Robert
AdlerUS respiratorc.
1955Forrest M. BirdUS
revolver1835–36Samuel
ColtUS Richter
scale1935Charles
Francis Richter, Beno GutenbergUS
rifle, assault1944Hugo
SchmeisserGermany
roller
coaster1884LeMarcus
A. ThompsonUS
rubber, vulcanized1839Charles
GoodyearUS
rubber band1845Stephen
PerryUK saccharin1879Ira
Remsen, Constantin FahlbergUS,
Germany saddle
(riding) c. 200 BC—China
safety
pin1849Walter
HuntUS satellite,
successful artificial earth1957Sergey
Korolyov, et al.USSR
satellite,
communications1960John
Robinson PierceUS
saxophone1846Antoine-Joseph
SaxBelgium
Scotch tape1930Richard
Drew (3M)US
scuba gear1943Jacques
Cousteau, Émile GagnanFrance
seat belt,
automotive shoulder1959Nils
Bohlin (Volvo)Sweden
sewing
machine1841Barthélemy
ThimonnierFrance
shoelaces1790—England
silicone1904Frederic
Stanley KippingUK
skateboard1958Bill
& Mark RichardsUS
skates,
ice1000 BC—Scandinavia
skates,
roller1760sJoseph
Merlin Belgium
ski, snowc.
2000–3000 BC—Sweden,
Finland, Norway skyscraper,
steel-frame1884William
Le Baron JenneyUS
slot
machine1890sCharles
FeyUS snowmobile1922Joseph-Armand
BombardierCanada
soap600
BCPhoeniciansLebanon
soft
drinks, carbonated1772Joseph
PriestleyUK
sonar1915Paul
LangevinFrance
stamps,
postage1840Sir
Rowland HillUK
stapler1866George
W. McGillUS
steamboat,
successful1807Robert
FultonUS
steel, mass-production1856Henry
BessemerUK
steel, stainless1914Harry
BrearleyUK
stereo,
personal1979Sony
Corp.Japan
stereophonic
sound recording1931Alan
Dower BlumleinUK
stethoscope1819René-Théophile-Hyacinthe
LaënnecFrance
stock
ticker1867Edward
A. CalahanUS
stove,
electric1896William
HadawayUS
stove, gas1826James
SharpUK straw,
drinking1888Marvin
StoneUS submarine1620Cornelis
DrebbelThe Netherlands
sunglasses1752James
AyscoughUK
sunscreen1944Benjamin
GreenUS supermarket1930Michael
CullenUS
synthesizer,
music1955Harry
Olson, Herbert BelarUS
synthetic skin1981Ioannis
V. Yannas, John F. BurkeUS
tampon, cotton1931Earle
Cleveland HaasUS
tank,
military1915Admiralty
Landships CommitteeUK
tea bagearly
1900sThomas SullivanUS
teddy
bear1902Morris
MichtomUS
Teflon1938Roy
PlunkettUS
telegraph1832–35Samuel
F.B. MorseUS
telephone, wired-line1876Alexander
Graham BellScotland/US
telephone,
mobile1946Bell
LaboratoriesUS
telescope,
optical1608Hans
LippersheyThe Netherlands
television1923,
1927Vladimir Kosma Zworykin, Philo
Taylor FarnsworthRussia/US, US
thermometer1592GalileoItaly
thermostat1830Andrew
UreUK threshing
machine1778Andrew
MeikleScotland
tire, pneumatic1888John
Boyd Dunlop UK
tissue, disposable facial1924Kimberly-Clark
Co.US tissue,
toilet1857Joseph
GayettyUS
toaster, electric1893Crompton
Co.UK toilet,
flushc. 1591Sir
John HaringtonEngland
toothbrush1498—China
tractor1892John
FroehlichUS
traffic
lights, automatic1923Garrett
A. MorganUS
transistor1947John
Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, William B. ShockleyUS
typewriter1868Christopher
Latham SholesUS
ultrasound
imaging, obstetric1958Ian
DonaldUK
vaccination1796Edward
JennerEngland
vacuum
cleaner, electric1901Herbert
Cecil BoothUK
Velcro1948George
de MestralSwitzerland
vending
machinec. 100–200 BC—Egypt
Viagra1997Pfizer
Inc.US video
games1972Nolan
BushnellUS
videocassette
recorder1969Sony
Corp.Japan
videotape1950sCharles
GinsburgUS
virtual
reality1989Jaron
LanierUS
vision correction, laser1987Stephen
TrokelUS
washing
machine, electric1907Alva
J. FisherUS
wheelabout
3500 BCproto-Aryan people or SumeriansRussia/Kazakhstan
or Mesopotamia wheelbarrow1st
century BC—China
wheelchair1590s—Spain
windmill644—Persia
winebefore

[H1] Electricity, Magnetism and Electromagnetism

[IMG: tt]

The following activities target a middle school population although activities are approachable by more advanced elementary school students. The activities are also ideal for high school students to review basic concepts.
All exercises make use of javascript's which provides for a more interactive environment.

ELECTRIC CHARGE
What do atoms have to do with electric charge? What are forces involved with charge? What is an electric field? What is an electroscope?

COULOMBS LAW AND INVERSE SQUARE LAW
What is Coulombs Law and why is it related to the inverse square law?

STATIC ELECTRICITY
What is static electricity? How can you produce static electricity? What causes lightning?

THE FLOW OF ELECTRICITY
What makes an electric charge move? What is electric potential difference? How do batteries work? What is a thermocouple?

ELECTRIC CURRENT
What is an electric current? What is ohm's Law? What is the difference between direct current and alternating current. How is an electric current measured

ELECTRIC CIRUITS
What are the parts of an electric circuit? Series and Parallel Circuits. Fuses and Circuit Breakers.

ELECTRIC POWER
Equations for electric power and energy. Electric Energy.

THE NATURE OF MAGNETS
Magnetic Poles, Magnetic fields, Magnetic Material, What is Magnetism, magnetic domains..
.

EARTH AS A MAGNET
Why do compasses work? Other sources of magnetism in the solar system.

MAGNETISM IN ACTION
Solar Winds, magnetosphere,

MAGNETISM FROM ELECTRICITY
Oersted's discovery, electromagnets, solenoids, magnetic forces on electric current, applications of electromagnetism, how does an electric motor work, what is a galvanometer

ELECTRICITY FROM MAGNETISM
Electromagnetic induction, generators, transformers,

TRANSFORMERS
How do transformers work, step-up transformers, step-down transformers

HOW DOES AN ELECTRIC MOTOR WORK
How does an electric motor work. How to build an electric motor for a science project.

OHMS LAW LAB
What is the relationship between current, voltage when there is a constant resistance in an electric circuit?

MAGNETIC FORCES LAB
What is the relationship between current, voltage when there is a constant resistance in an electric circuit?

WHY METALS CONDUCT ELECTRICITY
Why do metals conduct heat and electricity?

HOW DOES A BATTERY WORK?
How does a battery work? How to build a lemon battery--

[H4] Electricity, Magnetism and Electromagnetism

Electricity and Magnetism Home
Electric Charge
Coulombs Law and Inverse Square Law
Static Electricity
The Flow of Electricity
Electric Current
Electric Circuits
Electric Power
The Nature of Magnets
Earth as a Magnet
Magnetism in Action
Magnetism from Electricity
Electricity from Magnetism
How do Transformers Work?
Ohms Law Lab
Magnetic Forces Lab
Why Metals Conduct Electricity
How does a Battery Work
How does an Electric Motor Work

[H4] Science of Fluids

Science of Fluids
What are Fluids?
What is Pressure?
What is Hydrostatic Pressure?
Surface Tension and Capillary Action
Pascal's Principle
Archimedes Principle
What is Viscosity?
Bernoulli's Principle

[H1] Mathematical Relationships in Science--
A STEM Laboratory Exercise

[IMG: A Partial View of the science room showing lab setups]
A Partial View of the Science Classroom showing 5 laboratory setups: (l-r) The Spring Constant, Acceleration Lab, LIght Inensity, Attraction and Repulsion Lab and Damping Motion

[H2] About the Labs - Rotating Labs vs. Traditional Laboratory Approach
The Traditional Laboratory Approach:
Ideally, most teachers  would like to schedule laboratory experiments once a week immediately following the time when the relevant material has been presented in class.  This approach has a particular appeal because students can immediately apply the principles that they have just learned from classroom lessons and the text.  With lack of sufficient funding and a reduced number  of lab specialists  in schools, many teachers have turned more toward classroom demonstrations.
The Rotating Laboratory Approach:
Using this approach the teacher only has to prepare one set-up for each experiment. It not only saves time for teachers, but allows students  to work with more expensive, elaborate, and interesting equipment . Each individual is assigned to a laboratory group of  three  or four students which remain in the same group throughout the laboratory sequence.  Each group has a unique schedule so that no two groups will require the same station simultaneously. Each week the group will rotate from one lab station to the next.  All students are given a manual  which contains all the lab assignments and the rules that need to be followed while doing the experiments. It is necessary for the teacher to demonstrate each of the labs to the whole class prior to beginning the cycle.   Mathematical relationships in Science The following labs were designed for use in middle school physical science classes  beginning in 1990. The photos shown here were taken in 1998  (as visible in the design of computers at each station. The classroom was located in the lower east side of Manhattan and had 10 lab stations which surrounded  the classroom.
The Mathematical relationships Module consists of 12  laboratory exercises.
Lab 1:
The Spring Constant  -- Problem:  What is the relationship between how much a spring stretches and the force pulling on the spring?
Lab 2:
The Pendulum  -- Problem: What is the relationship between the period of a pendulum and the length of the string of  the pendulum?
Lab 3:   Mass, Volume and Density--
Problem: What is the relationship between the mass of a ball and its volume assuming a constant density?
Lab 4:   Light Intensity--
Problem: What is the relationship between the intensity of a beam of light and the distance from a light source?
Lab 5:   Acceleration --
Problem: What is a the relationship between how the distance travels and the time in travel for an accelerating object?
Lab 6:   Polarization --
Problem:  What is the relationship between how much light passes through a Polaroid filter and the angle the filter is rotated?
Lab  7:   Ohms Law --
Problem:  What is the relationship between current, voltage when there is a constant resistance in an electric circuit.
Lab 8:   Radioactive Decay --
Problem: What is the relationship between the decay of radioactive material and the time allowed for the decay?
Lab 9:  Water Pressure --
Problem: What is the relationship between water pressure and depth of water?
Lab 10:  Attractive and Repulsive Forces--
Problem: What is the relationship between the distance between two magnets  and the force between them?
Lab 11:  Damping Motion --Problem: What is the relationship between the height a ball bounces and the number of times it has bounced?
Lab 12: Buoyancy Lab Problem: What is the relationship between the volume of a boat and the weight it can hold?

[H3] Display of Student Work

Display of student work after the first lab allows students to compare their data with other students and get critical feedback on how to properly write up the final lab report.

[IMG: student work on mathematical relationships lab exercises]
[IMG: student work on mathematical relationships lab exercises]

[H4] About Mathematical Relationships

What is a mathematical relationship and what are the different types of mathematical relationships that apply to the laboratory exercises in the following activities.

[H4] Labs

Lab 1:
The Spring Constant  -- Problem:  What is the relationship between how much a spring stretches and the force pulling on the spring?
Lab 2:
The Pendulum  --Problem: What is the relationship between the period of a pendulum and the length of the string of  the pendulum?
Lab 3:   Mass, Volume and Density--   Problem: What is the relationship between the mass of a ball and its volume assuming a constant density?
Lab 4:   Light Intensity--  Problem: What is the relationship between the intensity of a beam of light and the distance from a light source?
Lab 5:   Acceleration--
Problem: What is a the relationship between how the distance travels and the time in travel for an accelerating object?
Lab 6:   Polarization --  Problem:  What is the relationship between how much light passes through a Polaroid filter and the angle the filter is rotated?
Lab  7:   Ohms Law--  Problem:  What is the relationship between current, voltage when there is a constant resistance in an electric circuit.
Lab 8:   Radioactive Decay-- Problem: What is the relationship between the decay of radioactive material and the time allowed for the decay?
Lab 9: Water Pressure-- Problem: What is the relationship between water pressure and depth of water?
Lab 10: Attractive and Repulsive Forces--   Problem: What is the relationship between the distance between two magnets  and the force between them?
Lab 11: Damping Motion--  Problem: What is the relationship between the height a ball bounces and the number of times it has bounced?
Lab 12: Buoyancy - Problem: What is the relationship between the volume of a boat and the weight it can hold?

[H4] Related Activies

Mass Volume Density
Molecular Modeling-- An NGSS Activity
Water and Ice Module
States of Matter
Science of Fluids
Buoyancy and Archimedes Principle
Speed Velocity and Acceleration
Gifted and Talented STEM
EDinformatics Science Challenge
How does a battery work?

Just as the 20th century was
marked by the development of electricity, telephones, aviation, computing, and
private motor vehicles, the 21st century is being marked by significant progress
in a broad spectrum of technologies, among them: molecular computing, genomics,
rational drug design, and alternative energy. What
is common to all these new technologies? They are all being made possible because
of a greater understanding of The World of Molecules. Many
questions that arise in K-12 education can be better understood by seeing and
interacting with molecules in 3-D.Explain
it with Molecules -- Interactive Molecules-- is about "real interactivity"!
All you need is to be
java enabled. The Jmol Applet used with these molecular structures will allow
you to view molecular structures in 3-D. Images can be viewed as wire-frame, ball
and stick or CPK. As with the Chime plug-in, it is also possible to measure distances
and angles. We
have also included computer javascripts on many pages that will test students
understanding of the material and make the exercises more interactive. NEW
K-12
Molecular Modeling Interactive Online Computer Labs with Online Assessment and Activity
Sheet-- Updated using Jsmol and Mobile Ready

WATER
--- Why is water such a good solvent?

ICE
--- Why does ice float?

METHANE
---
What is the geometry of methane?

alpha and beta Glucose---
What's the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

How does Caffeine Work?---
WHow does caffeine work in the brain?

Sucrose vs. Fructose---
What's the difference between surcrose and fructose?

CARBON
MONOXIDE --Why is carbon
monoxide so dangerous?
SOAP
--- How does
soap work?

GRAPHITE
-- Why is graphite so soft if it is made of only carbon?

CARBYNE-- What is the difference between Carbyne and Graphite?

DIAMOND
--- Why is diamond so hard if it is made of the same substance as graphite?

FULLERENE
-- Why is the fullerene and similar structures the cornerstone of nanotechnology?
How big is a nanotube?

SALT
-- NaCl -- Why
does table salt have a cubic crystal shape?

BENZENE
-- What is the structure of the benzene molecule?

DNA
STRAND -- Why
do carcinogens like nicotine cause cancer?

The
Hemoglobin S MOLECULE --
What causes Sickle Cell Anemia?

WHAT
IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SODIUM NITRITE AND NITRATE? -
Both are used as preservatives but there are significant differences
between these compounds.

HOW
DRUGS WORK--
Why do drugs work? What causes side-effects?